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Injections are particularly appropriate for those with: Pernicious anaemia, an autoimmune condition affecting B12 absorption Conditions affecting the stomach or small intestine, such as Crohns disease or coeliac disease Those who have had gastric surgery or bariatric procedures Strict vegans and vegetarians not meeting their B12 needs through food or oral supplements For those who can absorb B12 normally, oral supplements are generally an effective and well-evidenced alternative to injections
It can also be used as an auxiliary treatment after bariatric surgery to improve postoperative skin laxity and fat residue
Without enough B12, people may feel tired, weak, foggy, or run-down
Together, these research areas combine ecological context, genomic analysis, and functional characterization to strengthen the scientific basis for environmental monitoring, resistance assessment, and evidence-based food safety decision-making across interconnected food and environmental systems
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