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doi: 10.3390/antiox9050359

FAQ Some patients begin noticing reduced pain, improved mobility, and accelerated recovery within the first few weeks

AI Artificial Intelligence AMPK Activated Protein Kinase CDK Cyclin-Dependent Kinase COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2 CVD Cardiovascular Disease DHA Docosahexaenoic Acid DNMT DNA Methyltransferase DSHEA Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act EGCG Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate EPA Eicosapentaenoic Acid EFSA European Food Safety Authority FDA Food and Drug Administration FOS Fructooligosaccharides GOS Galactooligosaccharides HDAC Histone Deacetylase HIF-1 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha IBD Inflammatory Bowel Disease IL Interleukin iNOS Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase LOX Lipoxygenase MAPK Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase MMP Matrix Metalloproteinase MS Multiple Sclerosis NF-B Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B Cells NK cells Natural Killer Cells NCD Non-Communicable Disease NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level NSAIDs Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs PUFAs Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids PI3K/Akt Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Pathway RCT Randomized Controlled Trial RA Rheumatoid Arthritis ROS Reactive Oxygen Species SLE Systemic Lupus Erythematosus STAT3 Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Th17 T Helper 17 Cells T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus TNF- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Tregs Regulatory T Cells VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Glossary References 1

Critically, these innate immune mechanisms converge to initiate and enhance adaptive immune responses, primarily through the activation and recruitment of autoreactive CD8 + T cells